Fahamka Aluminium Hydroxide: Guryaha, Wax-soo-saarka, iyo Isticmaalka

1. Hordhac

Aluminium Hydroxide, kiimikaad ahaan sida Al (OH) 3, waxay u taagan tahay mid ka mid ah hydroxide-yada ugu badan, ugu baahsan, iyo warshadaha ahaan muhiim u ah dhaqaalaha adduunka casriga ah. Iyadoo laga yaabo inay bilawga u ekaato sidii kiimiko shaybaadhka khaaska ah ama macdan dahsoon oo aan la garanayn, waxay dhab ahaantii ka ciyaartaa kaalin lama huraan ah, oo aasaasi ah oo ka mid ah qaybaha warshadaha kala duwan ee cajiibka ah. Qaybahani waxay u dhexeeyaan wax soo saarka kiimikaad ee horumarsan, injineernimada polymer, iyo maaraynta deegaanka ilaa dawooyinka, daaweynta biyaha, iyo alaabta maalinlaha ah ee macaamiisha. Isku darka gaarka ah ee xasiloonida kiimikada, dabeecada amphoteric ee soo jiidashada leh, iyo holac aad u wanaagsan{4} guryaha dib u dhigista ayaa ka dhigaya walax dhagaxa rukunka ah ee silsiladaha sahayda caalamiga ah ee badan, saamaynaya wax kasta laga bilaabo dhismaha badbaadada ilaa caafimaadka aadanaha.

Fahmidda qiimaha dhabta ah iyo baaxadda Aluminium Hydroxide waxay u baahan tahay muuqaal dhammaystiran, dhinacyo badan leh- sida ay astaamaheeda molecular u tilmaamayso hab-dhaqankeeda habaynta warshadaha adag iyo codsiyada ganacsi ee maalinlaha ah. Laga soo bilaabo soo saaristeedii ugu horreysay ee dhulka iyada oo loo marayo kakan iyo tamar{2} geeddi-socod xooggan oo Bayer ah ilaa geyntiisa muhiimka ah sida eco{3}} dab-demiska saaxiibtinimada leh ee elektaroonigga casriga ah iyo nolosha{4}}badbaadinta walxaha dawooyinka ee daawada casriga ah, xaruntan waxay taabataa ku dhawaad ​​dhinac kasta oo ilbaxnimada casriga ah. Maqaalkani waxa uu sahaminayaa sifooyinka kiimikaad ee xudunta u ah, dariiqooyinka wax soo saarka ee la aasaasay iyo kuwa soo baxaya, iyo codsiyada wajiyo badan leh ee xoojinaya qiimaha dhaqaale iyo teknoolajiyada ee Aluminium Hydroxide ee warshadaha caalamiga ah, taas oo muujinaysa horumarkeeda taariikheed, hababka warshadaha ee hadda, iyo mustaqbalka mustaqbalka ee sii kordheysa waaraya- muuqaalka teknoolojiyadda diiradda saaraya.

2. Kiimikada iyo Qalabka Jirka ee Aluminium Hydroxide

Qaab-dhismeedka Kiimikada iyo Dabeecadda Amphoteric

Marka la eego heerka molecular, Aluminium Hydroxide waxa uu ka kooban yahay hal aluminium cation dhexe oo si adag ugu xidhan saddex anions hydroxide ku wareegsan, oo si fiican u soo saara - qaacidada kiimikada ee la yaqaan Al(OH)3. Mid ka mid ah sifooyinkeeda kiimikaad ee ugu qeexan iyo cilmi ahaan soo jiidashada leh waa dabeecadeeda amphoteric. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in xaruntu ay uga falcelin karto kiimiko ahaan sida aashitada daciifka ah iyo saldhigga daciifka ah iyadoo ku xiran gebi ahaanba deegaanka kiimikada iyo pH ee dhexdhexaadka ku wareegsan. Marka ay la kulmaan asiidh xooggan, sida hydrochloric acid ama sulfuric acid, Aluminium Hydroxide si diyaar ah ayey u milaan si ay u samaysato cusbada aluminiumka iyo biyaha. Taa bedelkeeda, marka ay soo gaarto saldhigyada xooggan sida sodium hydroxide, waxay ka falcelisaa si ay u sameyso aluminates milmay, sida sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate. Falcelintan kiimikaad ee laba-jibbaaran ma aha oo kaliya xiisaha aragtiyeed ee lagu barto fasallada; waa habka aasaasiga ah ee thermodynamic kaas oo u oggolaanaya in laga sifeeyo bauxite orega inta lagu jiro farsamaynta kiimikada warshadaha oo hadhow laga faa'iidaysto isku-dhafka kiimikooyinka gaarka ah ee kala duwan.

Astaamaha Jirka iyo Dhacdada Dabiiciga ah

Qaabkeeda saafiga ah, ee la safeeyey, Aluminium Hydroxide waxay caadi ahaan u muuqataa mid ganaax, cad, ur ah, aan dhadhamin, budo aan lahayn ama sida crystalline adag oo habaysan. Waa mid aan lagu milmi karin biyaha iyo dareerayaasha dabiiciga ah ee caadiga ah ee ku jira xaalado dhexdhexaad ah, hanti jireed oo muhiim ah taas oo ka dhigaysa badbaado badan oo gudaha ah iyo kuwa gudaha ah halkaasoo nuugista nidaamka ay tahay in si adag loo xakameeyo ama laga fogaado gebi ahaanba. Dabeecadda, Aluminium Hydroxide waxay ku dhacdaa noocyo kala duwan oo macdan ah, gaar ahaan sida gibbsite, oo ay weheliso polymorphs-yada dhifka ah sida bayrite, norstrandite, iyo doyleite. Gibbsite waa tan ugu faa'iido badan waxayna u adeegtaa sida ugu muhiimsan ee bauxite, taas oo ah macdanta ugu weyn ee ganacsiga aduunka ee birta aluminium iyo wax soo saarka kiimikada. Intaa waxaa dheer, Aluminium Hydroxide waxay muujisaa degganaansho kuleyl oo muhiim ah ilaa heer heerkul gaar ah. Marka kulaylka ka sarreeya ku dhawaad ​​200 darajo Celsius, waxa uu maraa isbedel weji qoto dheer, oo sii deynaya unugyadeeda biyaha kiimikaad ku xidhan fal-celin xooggan endothermic. Dabeecaddan heerkulbeegga ah ee gaarka ah waxay ka dhigtaa saldhigga sayniska ee korsashadeeda baahsan ee dib-u-celinta ololka wax ku oolka ah ee qalabka casriga ah.

3. Hababka wax soo saarka warshadaha

Habka Bayer: Aasaaska

Inta badan aluminium Hydroxide ganacsiyeedka la soo saaro adduunka oo dhan waxaa lagu soo saaray habka Bayer, habka sifaynta kiimikada ee weyn oo la alifay dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad oo weli u adeega sida laf dhabarta buuxda ee warshadaha aluminium ee caalamiga ah. Nidaamku wuxuu ku bilaabmaa bauxite, aan nadiif ahayn, dhoobo ah -sida macdanta ka kooban aluminium oxides iyo hydroxides oo si aad ah ugu qasan oksaydhyada birta, silica, iyo titanium dioxide. Bauxite-ka cayriin, la jajabiyey ayaa lagu hoos dheefay cadaadis sare iyo heerkulka sare ee xalalka aqueous ee sodium hydroxide, kaas oo caadi ahaan loogu yeero dhirta warshadaha sida soodhaha caustic. Talaabadaan dheefshiidka gardarrada ah waxay si gooni ah u milmaysaa aluminiumka- wejiyada macdanta sida, oo ay ku jiraan gibbsite, boehmite, iyo diaspore, samaynta xal dareere ah oo sodium aluminate ah oo sarreeya iyada oo wasakhda aan milmi karin ay ka dambeeyaan sida wasakh adag oo loo yaqaan dhoobo cas ama haraaga bauxite.

Sifaynta iyo Roobka

Marka wasakhdaas adag si fiican loo kala saaro iyada oo loo marayo kala saarista makaanikada, caddaynta, iyo nidaamyada sifaynta marxaladaha badan, saafiga ah, khamriga sodium aluminate ee la sifeeyay ayaa lagu qaboojiyaa xaaladaha la xakameeyey. Ka dib waxaa lagu abuuraa kiristaalo aad u fiican, kiristaalo microscopic ah oo hore loo soo saaray Aluminium Hydroxide si loo bilaabo crystallization. Abuurkani waxa uu kiciyaa habka roobka ee aadka loo xakameeyay, taas oo keenaysa aluminiumka milmay in ay ka soo dhalaaliso xalka sare sida - daahirsanaanta Aluminium Hydroxide trihydrate. Kiristaalo soo dajiyay ayaa si fiican loogu dhaqay biyo saafi ah si meesha looga saaro soodhaha caustic ee haraaga ah, mar kale la sifeeyo, oo la qalajiyo si loo qeexo. Iyada oo ku xidhan isticmaalka dhamaadka loogu talagalay soosaarayaasha hoose, shayga waxa loo iibin karaa si toos ah sida mid sare{6}}hydrate saafi ah ama lagu sakhraamo heerkulka sare ee kilnnada wareega wareega si ay gabi ahaanba uga saaraan biyaha qaab dhismeedka, soo saarida budo alumina gaar ah loo isticmaalo dhoobada horumarsan, abrasives, iyo biraha aluminium.

4. Codsiyada kala duwan ee Aluminium Hydroxide

Dab-demiska Dab-demiska iyo qiiqa-cabbista

Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn, dhaqaale ahaan muhiimka ah, uguna dhaqsaha badan - Codsiyada warshadaha kobaca ee Aluminium Hydroxide waa adeegsigeeda baahsan ee ah - dab-celiya ololka iyo qiiqa qiiqa ee polymers, balaastikada synthetic, elastomers, iyo alaabta caagga ah. Marka alaabada la soo saaray ay ku jiraan culeyska sare ee Aluminium Hydroxide ay la kulmaan heerkul sare oo shil ah ama dab firfircoon, xaruntu waxay maraysaa falcelin-dabiici ah. Adigoo nuugaya xaddi badan oo tamar kulayl ah ololka soo socda, falcelintani waxay qaboojisaa matrix polymer-ka hoose waxayna si weyn hoos u dhigtaa habka gubashada. Isla mar ahaantaana, kala-goynta kiimikadu waxay sii deysaa uumiga biyaha, kaas oo milo gasas gubanaya pyrolytic hawada ku hareeraysan oo samaysta lakab cufan, difaac ah, oo aan - dabci karin lakabka dhoobada gubanaya oogada sare ee polymerka gubanaya. Sababtoo ah ma soo saaro sunta sunta ah ee halogenated ama qiiqa wasakhaysan marka la gubo, Aluminium Hydroxide si aad ah ayaa loogu door bidaa badbaadada{7} codsiyada muhiimka ah sida dahaarka siliga korantada, gudaha gaadiidka dadweynaha, dabaqyada dhismaha, iyo guryaha xasaasiga ah ee elegtarooniga ah.

Isticmaalka Dawooyinka iyo Daawada

Marka laga soo tago warshadaha culus iyo injineernimada polymer, Aluminium Hydroxide waxay ka ciyaartaa door daweyn oo aad muhiim u ah dhinacyada caafimaadka iyo daawooyinka. Waa wakhti{1}}la tijaabiyey, si wanaagsan{2}} la aasaasay maaddooyinka dawooyinka firfircoon ee loo isticmaalo sidii antacid si looga takhaluso aashitada gastric ee xad-dhaafka ah, taasoo bixisa gargaar degdeg ah oo la isku halayn karo oo laga helo laabjeex ba'an, dheef-shiid kiimikaad, iyo dib-u-kicin ashitada. Adigoo si kiimiko ah uga falcelinaya acid gastric hydrochloric ee caloosha, waxay si badbaado leh kor ugu qaaddaa pH ee waxa ku jira caloosha waxayna abuurtaa dejin, dahaar jireed oo ilaalinaya xuubka caloosha ee xanaaqsan. Intaa waxaa dheer, Aluminium Hydroxide waxaa si joogta ah u qoraa dhakhaatiirta bukaannada qaba cudurrada kelyaha ee daba-dheeraada si ay uga caawiyaan maareynta hyperphosphatemia. Waxa ay taasi ku gaadhaysaa iyada oo si toos ah ugu xidha fosfooraska cuntada gudaha mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka, taas oo ka hortagaysa nuugista dhiigga oo ay sababi karto dhibaatooyin daran oo wadnaha iyo xididada lafaha ah. Marka laga soo tago codsiyadan afka ah, aadka loo sifeeyay, darajooyin gaar ah oo Aluminium Hydroxide ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii adjuvant badbaado leh ee tallaalada kala duwan ee aadanaha iyo xoolaha, halkaas oo ay jir ahaan kor u qaaddo oo ay u dheereyso jawaabta la qabsiga ee jirka si loo beegsado antigens.

Daaweynta Biyaha iyo Hordhac Kiimikada

Injineerinka deegaanka iyo nidaamyada kaabayaasha dawladda hoose ayaa sidoo kale si weyn ugu tiirsan Aluminium Hydroxide iyo ka-soo-saarkeeda kiimikaad ee biyaha sifaynta baaxadda leh{{0} In kasta oo xinjireyaasha aasaasiga ah sida aluminium sulfate ama chloride polyaluminum inta badan si toos ah loogu daro ilaha biyaha ceeriin ee degmada, Aluminium Hydroxide flocs si dabiici ah oo degdeg ah u sameysma inta lagu jiro hagaajinta pH ee xiga iyo heerarka caddaynta. Qaybahaan jelatin-ku waxay u dhaqmaan sidii flocculants xaaqid gaar ah, si wax ku ool ah u dabinaya ugana saaraya adkaha ganaaxa ah, walxaha dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah, jeermiska bakteeriyada, iyo ions birta culus ee ka imanaya durdurrada biyaha wasakhda ah ka hor inta aan lagu sii dayn deegaanka ama lagu dawayn biyaha la cabbo. Intaa waxaa dheer, Aluminium Hydroxide waxay u adeegtaa sidii horudhac kiimiko oo lama huraan ah si loo soo saaro shey kiimikooyin aluminium ah oo khaas ah. Waxa loo istcimaalay sida sheyga bilawga ah si loo soo saaro zeolites synthetic catalysis petrochemical catalysis, muraayad indho gaar ah,- dahaarka sare ee warqadaha, iyo abrasives wershadaha firfircoon, oo muujinaya kala duwanaanshahooda baaxadda leh sida dhismaha kiimikaad.

5. Deegaanka, Badbaadada, iyo Muuqaalka Mustaqbalka

Xogta Badbaadada iyo Taxadirka Wax ka qabashada

Halka Aluminium Hydroxide si weyn loogu aqoonsaday inay badbaado u tahay macaamiisha marka loo isticmaalo habaynta dawooyinka, cuntada{0}}alaabta xidhiidhka, iyo alaabta guriga, wax soo saarka warshadaha iyo - maaraynta miisaanku waxay u baahan tahay borotokool badbaado oo adag iyo taxadarka shaqada. Neefsashada joogtada ah ee boodhka Aluminium Hydroxide ee wanaagsan ee ka dhasha warshadaynta, bacaha, ama isku-darka polymer waxay sababi kartaa cuncun farsamo oo ah mareenka neef-mareenka sare iyo sambabada. Sidaa awgeed, tas-hiilaadka warshadaynta casriga ah waxay shaqaaleeyaan habab hawo-qaadasho heersare ah oo heersare ah, -Qaabka ururinta siigada hufnaanta leh, iyo agabka ilaalinta shakhsi ahaaneed ee qasabka ah, sida qalabka neefsiga ee la ansixiyey, muraayadaha badbaadada, iyo galoofyada ilaalinta, si loo ilaaliyo caafimaadka shaqaalaha. Marka laga eego dhinaca deegaanka, xaruntu waa mid aan lagu milmi karin biyaha marka loo eego xaaladaha deegaanka ee caadiga ah, taas oo yaraynaysa khataraha sunta ah ee ku wajahan hab-nololeedyada biyaha, in kasta oo dheer -urursiga muddada dheer iyo daraasaadka kimisteriga carradu waxay sii wadaan inay hagaan xeerarka siidaynta warshadaha iyo qaababka la socodka deegaanka ee adduunka oo dhan.

Saamaynta Deegaanka iyo Horumarka Farsamada

Soo saarista Aluminium Hydroxide iyada oo loo marayo habka Bayer ee dhaqameedku waa tamar{0} xoog leh oo waxay soo saartaa xaddi la taaban karo oo haraaga bauxite, oo soo bandhigaysa maaraynta deegaanka iyo dhulka{1}} isticmaalka caqabadaha warshadaha. Cilmi baarista casriga ah ee warshadaha iyo dadaalka injineernimada ayaa si weyn diirada u saaraya hagaajinta waxtarka tamarta guud ee dheefshiidka autoclaves iyo kilns calcination, iyo sidoo kale horumarinta hal abuur leh, xiran -dariiqyada dib u warshadaynta ee aluminium- xanbaarsan durdurrada qashinka warshadaha. Isla markaa, saynis yahanada walaxda horumaray waa qaybta saxda ah ee injineernimada{6}}qaybinta cabbirka, qaabdhismeedka la wanaajiyey, iyo dusha{7}}darajooyinka Aluminium Hydroxide oo la bedelay si loo kordhiyo fidinta iyo waafaqidka agabka isku dhafan ee horumarsan. Hal-abuurradan tignoolajiyada ahi waxa ay awood u siinayaan buuxinta sare ee buuxinta qaabaynta polymerka iyada oo aan la carqaladayn xoogga farsamada ama saamaynta iska caabinta, riixaya xuduudaha waxqabadka ee eco{9}}Nidaamka dab-damiska{10}iyo buuxinta shuruudaha sii kordheysa ee joogtada ah ee ay dalbadaan warshadaha caalamiga ah mustaqbalka.

6. Gabagabo

Aluminium Hydroxide, oo ay si cilmiyeysan u matasho qaacidada kiimikada ee Al(OH)3, ayaa si muuqata aad uga badan soo daadad kiimikaad fudud ama macdano caadi ah; waa tiirka aasaasiga ah ee sayniska qalabka casriga ah, injineernimada kiimikada, iyo wax soo saarka. Isku-darkeeda gaarka ah, faa'iidada aadka u sarreeya ee falcelinta kiimikada amphoteric, xasilloonida kulaylka sare, iyo sunta nidaamka hooseeya ayaa ka dhigaysa gebi ahaanba aan la bedeli karin dhammaan codsiyada kala duwan ee aan caadiga ahayn. Laga soo bilaabo badbaadinta nolosha bini'aadamka iyada oo loo marayo dawooyin caafimaad oo horumarsan iyo ilaalinta kaabayaasha dadweynaha iyada oo loo marayo dib u dhigista ololka wax ku oolka ah si loo hubiyo nadiifinta, biyaha la cabbo ee la cabbi karo iyo awoodda isku-dhafka kiimikada warshadaha ee adag, Aluminium Hydroxide waxay sii waddaa inay muujiso waxtarka iyo qiimaha dhaqaale ee cajiibka ah. Maaddaama teknoolojiyadda wax soo saarka caalamiga ah ay kobcayaan iyo sii jiritaanka deegaanku ay si sii kordheysa ugu muhimsan yihiin naqshadeynta warshadaha, cilmi-baarista sayniska ee socota, hab-samayntooda, iyo hindisayaasha chemistry-ga cagaaran waxay hubin doonaan in Aluminium Hydroxide ay sii waddo doorkeeda muhiimka ah ee buuxinta baahiyaha adag ee warshadaha caalamiga ah ee berri.